Elongation Tensile Load Standard
Alloy steel standard before breaking: 15: 20 % (International Standard)
Pakistani steel standard: 11%
This standard has been followed by Pakistan Central Testing Laboratory update as per ASTM standards 1952 not revised with the present needs.
What is the difference between Voltage and Ampere?
Voltage: Voltage is difference of potential to do work between two points.
Current: Current is flow of electrons due to applied voltage. Life safety is to use Low Voltage & high amperage current.
Heat ( Energy) = Power
Power = V x I = VI
100 KVA
Posted by: Adnan
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Heat Treatment Techniques
Big cavity will allow oxygen and other gasses to enter and make it brittle. Close grain Good quality and no stress good quality 100% strength.
Close grain or close packed grain is formed due to heat treatment of metal and metal grain become soft.
Open grain: Poor quality high stress, poor ductility and highly brittle.
Over heating and very low temperature makes grain of metal brittle and loss of ductility and strength and boundry between two grains is far apart and cavity size become large.
Posted by: Adnan
Close grain or close packed grain is formed due to heat treatment of metal and metal grain become soft.
Open grain: Poor quality high stress, poor ductility and highly brittle.
Over heating and very low temperature makes grain of metal brittle and loss of ductility and strength and boundry between two grains is far apart and cavity size become large.
Posted by: Adnan
Important Temperature
Some Important temperature
Hardening Temperature Cooling process
Carbon Steel 780 – 850c Cool in Air
High Speed Steel1200 – 1250c Cool in Air
Dye Steel 900 – 1000c Cool in Air
Spring steel 780 – 850c Cool in Air
Tempering Process
Element Temperature Time
Carbon Steel 200 – 220c ½ hours
Dye steel 200 – 400c 1 hour
High speed steel560 – 600c 1.5 hours
Spring steel 300 – 350c 1-3 hours
Annealing Process
High carbon steel830 – 870c 4 hours
High Carbon steel810 – 850c 4 hours
Dye- steel 800 – 850c 4 hours
Spring steel 750 – 800c 4 hours
Normalizing Process
Carbon steel 830 – 880c Cool in air
Spring Steel 760 – 810c Cool in air
Carbon Manganese ( Tool Steel) 800 – 850c Cool in air
Metal Temperature by color
Faint Red 500c
Blood Red 580c
Dark Cherry 635c
Medium Cherry 690c
Cherry 745c
Bright Cherry 790c
Salmon 845c
Dark orange 890c
Orange 940c
Lemon 1000c
Light yellow 1080c
Posted by: Adnan
Hardening Temperature Cooling process
Carbon Steel 780 – 850c Cool in Air
High Speed Steel1200 – 1250c Cool in Air
Dye Steel 900 – 1000c Cool in Air
Spring steel 780 – 850c Cool in Air
Tempering Process
Element Temperature Time
Carbon Steel 200 – 220c ½ hours
Dye steel 200 – 400c 1 hour
High speed steel560 – 600c 1.5 hours
Spring steel 300 – 350c 1-3 hours
Annealing Process
High carbon steel830 – 870c 4 hours
High Carbon steel810 – 850c 4 hours
Dye- steel 800 – 850c 4 hours
Spring steel 750 – 800c 4 hours
Normalizing Process
Carbon steel 830 – 880c Cool in air
Spring Steel 760 – 810c Cool in air
Carbon Manganese ( Tool Steel) 800 – 850c Cool in air
Metal Temperature by color
Faint Red 500c
Blood Red 580c
Dark Cherry 635c
Medium Cherry 690c
Cherry 745c
Bright Cherry 790c
Salmon 845c
Dark orange 890c
Orange 940c
Lemon 1000c
Light yellow 1080c
Posted by: Adnan
Important Temperature
Some Important Boling Points
Element Value/Boiling Point Quantity of Nickle Statement
Butene -0.5 to -5.0c 2.5 % Low carbon steel
Ammonia -33c to -35c 2.5% Al killed steel (It kill bad affects of iron)
Propane -45c 2.5% Low alloy high tensile steel
Propylane -48c 2.5% With 2.5% Nickle addition
Co2 -79c 3.5% 3.5% Nickle
Acetylane -84c 3.5% Nickle
Ethyane -104c 3.5% 3.5% Nickle
Methane -163c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Oxygen -183c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Argon -186c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Nitrogen -196c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Hydrogen -253c 36 % 36 % Nickle
Helium -269c 36 % 36 % Nickle
Posted by : Adnan
Element Value/Boiling Point Quantity of Nickle Statement
Butene -0.5 to -5.0c 2.5 % Low carbon steel
Ammonia -33c to -35c 2.5% Al killed steel (It kill bad affects of iron)
Propane -45c 2.5% Low alloy high tensile steel
Propylane -48c 2.5% With 2.5% Nickle addition
Co2 -79c 3.5% 3.5% Nickle
Acetylane -84c 3.5% Nickle
Ethyane -104c 3.5% 3.5% Nickle
Methane -163c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Oxygen -183c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Argon -186c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Nitrogen -196c 9 % 9 % Nickle
Hydrogen -253c 36 % 36 % Nickle
Helium -269c 36 % 36 % Nickle
Posted by : Adnan
Wednesday, December 3, 2008
NDT Metal/Ductility & Brittleness
Original Metal
Read carefully following ratio about to know Ductile / Brittleness in an original metal
Ductile Brittleness
L.C.S. 80 % 20 %
M.C.S 70 % 30 %
H. C. S 60 % 40 %
After welding 30% brittleness arises
L.C. S 50 % 50 % Ductility 100%
M.C.S 40 % 60 % V. Difficult welding
H.C.S 30 % 70 % Welding Impossible
Note:- Brittleness is reduced by stress reliving process
What is the Application of Tempering, Normalizing and Annealing? Read carefully following points to know about them:
1- Tempering
Removal of surface stresses by heating from 200c ~ 500c. This process does for removing surface cracks only.
2 Normalizing
Normalizing removes Internal and external stress.
For this application will have to heat of a metal on high degree than tempering process. Example: if tempering temperature is 900c to 1100c so, normalizing temperature will be from 900c to 1250c.
3- Annealing
Procedure will be same like Normalizing but it takes 15minutes per square inch/- than normalizing. After this application metal will be 100% ductile.
_____________________________________________________________________
What is Polycarbonate?
Answer: Poly carbonate is a shield which use for making glass for bullet proof cars. During processing of glass making both sides of a glass has been covered by this sheet.
How do you evaluate carbon ratio in a metal?
Original Hardness : % age of Carbon
0 ~ 5 HRC % 0.25% L.C.S
5 ~ 10 % 0.50% M.C.S
10 ~ 18 % 1.20% H.C.S
After heat treatment Hardness is increased if from 45 ~ 60 HRC metal is 50% Brittle and 50% Ductile.
If variation in Hardness is from + 4 ~ + 10 HRC metal is highly metallic and under high stress. ~ ~
AFTER WELDING
Ductile Brittleness
M.C.S 40: 60% only stresses reliving
H.C.S 30: 70%
50 50% only pre-heat or 100%
Post heat strong
50 50% Pre bath heat & post heat
Heat Treatment Phases
1500c~ 1600c below melting point (A-1) (Cold water) (L.C.S)
Stainless steel is highly ductile it is ferrite.
900 ~ 1100c pearlite (A-2) (Quenching Oil) (M.C.S)
Fine grain closed pack
Pear light slow cooling cement-tite (A-3) (Air) ( H.C.S)
A1 A3 transformation
Pear light slow cooling cementtite
Rapid Cooling
Hard Martin site (FEC)
What is Banite?
Banite is slightly more brittle and hard compared with cementtite.
For cutting soft material like (Shaving blade, File Blade)
Posted by: Irfan
Read carefully following ratio about to know Ductile / Brittleness in an original metal
Ductile Brittleness
L.C.S. 80 % 20 %
M.C.S 70 % 30 %
H. C. S 60 % 40 %
After welding 30% brittleness arises
L.C. S 50 % 50 % Ductility 100%
M.C.S 40 % 60 % V. Difficult welding
H.C.S 30 % 70 % Welding Impossible
Note:- Brittleness is reduced by stress reliving process
What is the Application of Tempering, Normalizing and Annealing? Read carefully following points to know about them:
1- Tempering
Removal of surface stresses by heating from 200c ~ 500c. This process does for removing surface cracks only.
2 Normalizing
Normalizing removes Internal and external stress.
For this application will have to heat of a metal on high degree than tempering process. Example: if tempering temperature is 900c to 1100c so, normalizing temperature will be from 900c to 1250c.
3- Annealing
Procedure will be same like Normalizing but it takes 15minutes per square inch/- than normalizing. After this application metal will be 100% ductile.
_____________________________________________________________________
What is Polycarbonate?
Answer: Poly carbonate is a shield which use for making glass for bullet proof cars. During processing of glass making both sides of a glass has been covered by this sheet.
How do you evaluate carbon ratio in a metal?
Original Hardness : % age of Carbon
0 ~ 5 HRC % 0.25% L.C.S
5 ~ 10 % 0.50% M.C.S
10 ~ 18 % 1.20% H.C.S
After heat treatment Hardness is increased if from 45 ~ 60 HRC metal is 50% Brittle and 50% Ductile.
If variation in Hardness is from + 4 ~ + 10 HRC metal is highly metallic and under high stress. ~ ~
AFTER WELDING
Ductile Brittleness
M.C.S 40: 60% only stresses reliving
H.C.S 30: 70%
50 50% only pre-heat or 100%
Post heat strong
50 50% Pre bath heat & post heat
Heat Treatment Phases
1500c~ 1600c below melting point (A-1) (Cold water) (L.C.S)
Stainless steel is highly ductile it is ferrite.
900 ~ 1100c pearlite (A-2) (Quenching Oil) (M.C.S)
Fine grain closed pack
Pear light slow cooling cement-tite (A-3) (Air) ( H.C.S)
A1 A3 transformation
Pear light slow cooling cementtite
Rapid Cooling
Hard Martin site (FEC)
What is Banite?
Banite is slightly more brittle and hard compared with cementtite.
For cutting soft material like (Shaving blade, File Blade)
Posted by: Irfan
NDT Metal Composition Analyzer
What is the florescent light?
Application: This use for checking cracks especially in Railway Engine wheel.
Method: Firstly we spread black ink at specific area of the wheel then we apply light and all cracks shown on the wheel.
What is the Probe?
Application: Probe consists on two nobs wire. It use for checking cracks in a building. Through this you can see cracks from 8” Inches to 100 f/t. it especially uses for buildings.
Method: For this a Technician use a Crain for lifting up him and check cracks through prode. This application is applicable on macro.
What is the metal composition analyzer?
Low: 0 – 5 C Scale
Medium: 7 – 10 C Scale
High: 10 – 18 C Scale
What is the hardness of steel?
Low: 0.25%
Medium: 0.50%
High: 1 and 2%
What is T M C P ?
T: Thermo
M: Mechanical
C: Control
P: Process
Application of the mechanical force on the work piece to get ready by distortion and stresses.
Edge and extreme ends + holes and cauities are the major areas where stress & distortion is more concentrated & higher.
Posted by: Irfan
Application: This use for checking cracks especially in Railway Engine wheel.
Method: Firstly we spread black ink at specific area of the wheel then we apply light and all cracks shown on the wheel.
What is the Probe?
Application: Probe consists on two nobs wire. It use for checking cracks in a building. Through this you can see cracks from 8” Inches to 100 f/t. it especially uses for buildings.
Method: For this a Technician use a Crain for lifting up him and check cracks through prode. This application is applicable on macro.
What is the metal composition analyzer?
Low: 0 – 5 C Scale
Medium: 7 – 10 C Scale
High: 10 – 18 C Scale
What is the hardness of steel?
Low: 0.25%
Medium: 0.50%
High: 1 and 2%
What is T M C P ?
T: Thermo
M: Mechanical
C: Control
P: Process
Application of the mechanical force on the work piece to get ready by distortion and stresses.
Edge and extreme ends + holes and cauities are the major areas where stress & distortion is more concentrated & higher.
Posted by: Irfan
NDT Metal Composition Analyzer
What is the florescent light?
Application: This use for checking cracks especially in Railway Engine wheel.
Method: Firstly we spread black ink at specific area of the wheel then we apply light and all cracks shown on the wheel.
What is the Probe?
Application: Probe consists on two nobs wire. It use for checking cracks in a building. Through this you can see cracks from 8” Inches to 100 f/t. it especially uses for buildings.
Method: For this a Technician use a Crain for lifting up him and check cracks through prode. This application is applicable on macro.
What is the metal composition analyzer?
Low: 0 – 5 C Scale
Medium: 7 – 10 C Scale
High: 10 – 18 C Scale
What is the hardness of steel?
Low: 0.25%
Medium: 0.50%
High: 1 and 2%
What is T M C P ?
T: Thermo
M: Mechanical
C: Control
P: Process
Application of the mechanical force on the work piece to get ready by distortion and stresses.
Edge and extreme ends + holes and cauities are the major areas where stress & distortion is more concentrated & higher.
Posted by: Irfan
Application: This use for checking cracks especially in Railway Engine wheel.
Method: Firstly we spread black ink at specific area of the wheel then we apply light and all cracks shown on the wheel.
What is the Probe?
Application: Probe consists on two nobs wire. It use for checking cracks in a building. Through this you can see cracks from 8” Inches to 100 f/t. it especially uses for buildings.
Method: For this a Technician use a Crain for lifting up him and check cracks through prode. This application is applicable on macro.
What is the metal composition analyzer?
Low: 0 – 5 C Scale
Medium: 7 – 10 C Scale
High: 10 – 18 C Scale
What is the hardness of steel?
Low: 0.25%
Medium: 0.50%
High: 1 and 2%
What is T M C P ?
T: Thermo
M: Mechanical
C: Control
P: Process
Application of the mechanical force on the work piece to get ready by distortion and stresses.
Edge and extreme ends + holes and cauities are the major areas where stress & distortion is more concentrated & higher.
Posted by: Irfan
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